Cenozoic era

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an artist's depiction of dinosaurs and other animals in a field with water behind them

The Neogene* encompasses two epochs, beginning with the Miocene (23.03-5.33 Mya) and followed by the Pliocene (5.33-2.58 Mya). The Pleistocene (also known as the "Ice age"), occurred 2.58 mya and ended 11.7000 years ago. It is followed by the current epoch, the Holocene, beginning eleven thousand five hundred years ago are now (2022). Both the Pleistocene and the Holocene are

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an adult and baby mammoth walking in the grass next to a river with trees behind them

Extinct American mastodons (M. americanum) passing through boreal bogs, 30 million to 10,000 years ago. Although mastodons first appeared in North and Central America, they eventually spread to every continent except Antarctica and Australia. (by Beth Zaiken)

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a painting of animals and plants in the jungle

The extinction of the dinosaurs marked the end of one era but heralded the beginning of another. It only took the Earth a few million years to recover from the aftereffects of the asteroid impact, but it was a changed world.

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some animals are standing in the grass near trees and seagulls on a cloudy day

1 million to 10,000 years ago: Sivatherium was a giant relative of modern giraffes and okapi living in Africa and Asia. Compared to today’s giraffes, Sivatherium had a relatively short neck and short, stocky legs. Its estimated body mass is 2,000 to 3,000 lbs (1250 kg), making it possibly the largest ruminant to have walked the earth. L‬ate Pliocene through to early Holocene.

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